2.- CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS

  The economy of our society is based on the laws of supply and demand in the market and in the productive system. Lowering production costs means reducing prices and making products accessible to more people. The highest cost in production systems is always labor. For this reason, the third industrial revolution is transforming our factories and automating processes. This means reducing labor to a minimum. But it also has a social and human cost. The workers of the future will not develop manual jobs all routine tasks will be replaced by robots. New workers should be able to take care of them. But what is a robot? Outside of what science fiction movies tell us as SUPERHUMAN, robots are simple machines and like any other they present circuits and systems.

Like any other machine, robots have two fundamental systems 1.- STRUCTURAL: That gives them physical form 2.- FUNCTIONAL: That allows to perform the task for which they have been manufactured. A robot can be defined as:

"Multifunctional machine and reprogrammable"

The great advantage of robots is that they can be reused with the same structure and that the same structure can perform different functions depending on the program they incorporate.         But let's start with the most elementary, the structure. From the structural point of view there are two types of robots 1.- MOBILE ROBOTS: A mobile robot is everything that moves. To do this, use legs or wheels. Traditionally it is said that the basic structure has 3 wheels and not 4. Although that is not really important. What is important is that mobile robots must overcome obstacles. And in that task the legs are superior to the wheels. However, larger wheels improve stability and help overcome obstacles.

2.- INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS: Industrial robots are used in warehouses and have a basic structure of links that resembles the human arm. In fact the links are named in the same way. Depending on the type of movement they can be Cartesian, cylindrical and spherica

If we differentiate between robot (capable of anwering from its environment) and automatism (whose task can not be modified), it is clear that the functional system of the robot is very complex. In addition to mechanical systems with a multitude of belts and gears, robots must have a sensorial system. This sensorial system must consist of sensors (inputs) and actuators (outputs). The answer to the environment can be done through a program. Therefore, in all there must be a controller card that will serve as an interface between the physical system and the computer in which a certain program is compiled. In this controller card can not miss 2 important elements 1.- The microcontroller: Electronic circuit that gathers all the functionalities 2.- Memory: In which the orders must be stored. It will be ROM and RAM. Depending on these elements, the controller cards are more or less relevant. There are many in the market. However, let's focus on the ARDUINO ONE. Among other reasons because it has FREE SOFTWARE and a collaborative platform. In addition to being very versatile and economical.